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Miniature fan used in a computer for active cooling

A 3D illustration of six 80 mm fans, a blazon of fan in one case ordinarily used in personal computers (sometimes as a set, or mixed with other fan sizes)

A 30-millimetre (1.2 in) PC fan laying atop one sized 250 mm (9.8 in)

A computer fan is any fan within, or attached to, a computer case used for active cooling. Fans are used to depict cooler air into the case from the exterior, expel warm air from inside and move air across a heat sink to cool a particular component. Both centric and sometimes centrifugal (blower/squirrel-muzzle) fans are used in computers. Figurer fans unremarkably come up in standard sizes, such equally 120mm (most mutual), 140mm, 240mm, and even 360mm. Calculator fans are powered and controlled using three-pin or four-pin fan connectors.

Usage of a cooling fan [edit]

While in before personal computers it was possible to cool well-nigh components using natural convection (passive cooling), many modern components require more effective active cooling. To cool these components, fans are used to move heated air away from the components and depict cooler air over them. Fans attached to components are usually used in combination with a heat sink to increase the area of heated surface in contact with the air, thereby improving the efficiency of cooling. Fan control is not always an automated process. A estimator'south BIOS can control the speed of the built-in fan arrangement for the computer. A user can even supplement this function with boosted cooling components or connect a manual fan controller with knobs that set fans to dissimilar speeds.^[1]

In the IBM PC compatible market, the estimator'southward power supply unit (PSU) almost always uses an exhaust fan to expel warm air from the PSU. Active cooling on CPUs started to announced on the Intel 80486, and past 1997 was standard on all desktop processors.^[2] Chassis or case fans, unremarkably 1 exhaust fan to miscarry heated air from the rear and optionally an intake fan to draw cooler air in through the front, became mutual with the inflow of the Pentium 4 in belatedly 2000.^[ii]

Applications [edit]

An 80×80×25 mm axial computer fan

Case fan [edit]

Fans from figurer case – front and back

Fans are used to move air through the calculator instance. The components inside the case cannot dissipate heat efficiently if the surrounding air is as well hot. Example fans may exist placed every bit intake fans, drawing libation outside air in through the front end or bottom of the chassis (where it may also be drawn over the internal difficult drive racks), or exhaust fans, expelling warm air through the pinnacle or rear. Some ATX tower cases have one or more boosted vents and mounting points in the left side console where one or more fans may be installed to blow cool air directly onto the motherboard components and expansion cards, which are amid the largest heat sources.

Standard axial case fans are 40, threescore, 80, 92, 120, 140, 200 and 220 mm in width and length. As case fans are ofttimes the nigh readily visible class of cooling on a PC, decorative fans are widely bachelor and may be lit with LEDs, made of UV-reactive plastic, and/or covered with decorative grilles. Decorative fans and accessories are popular with case modders. Air filters are often used over intake fans, to prevent dust from entering the example and clogging up the internal components. Heatsinks are especially vulnerable to being clogged up, as the insulating effect of the dust volition rapidly dethrone the heatsink'south power to dissipate heat.

PSU fan [edit]

While the power supply (PSU) contains a fan with few exceptions, information technology is non to exist used for case ventilation. The hotter the PSU'southward intake air is, the hotter the PSU gets. As the PSU temperature rises, the electrical conductivity of its internal components subtract. Decreased conductivity means that the PSU will catechumen more of the input electric free energy into thermal energy (oestrus). This wheel of increasing temperature and decreased efficiency continues until the PSU either overheats, or its cooling fan is spinning fast enough to keep the PSU fairly supplied with insufficiently cool air. The PSU is mainly bottom-mounted in mod PCs, having its ain dedicated intake and exhaust vents, preferably with a grit filter in its intake vent.

CPU fan [edit]

Used to cool the CPU (primal processing unit) heatsink. Effective cooling of a concentrated rut source such as a large-scale integrated circuit requires a heatsink, which may be cooled by a fan;^[3] apply of a fan solitary will not forestall overheating of the small chip.

Graphics menu fan [edit]

Used to cool the heatsink of the graphics processing unit or the memory on graphics cards. These fans were not necessary on older cards because of their depression power dissipation, simply most modern graphics cards designed for 3D graphics and gaming need their own dedicated cooling fans. Some of the higher powered cards can produce more heat than the CPU (dissipating up to 350 watts^[4]), so effective cooling is especially important. Since 2022, graphics cards take been released with either axial fans, or a centrifugal fan as well known as a blower, turbo or squirrel muzzle fan.

Chipset fan [edit]

Used to cool the heatsink of the northbridge of a motherboard's chipset; this may be needed where the arrangement bus is significantly overclocked and dissipates more than power than as usual, but may otherwise be unnecessary. As more features of the chipset are integrated into the central processing unit, the role of the chipset has been reduced and the estrus generation reduced also.

Hard drive cooling [edit]

Fans may exist mounted next to or onto a hard disk drive for cooling purposes. Hard drives tin produce considerable heat over fourth dimension, and are heat-sensitive components that should not operate at excessive temperatures. In many situations, natural convective cooling suffices, but in some cases fans may be required. These may include -

• Faster-spinning hard disks with greater estrus production. (Equally of 2022^[update] less expensive drives rotated at speeds up to 7,200 RPM; 10,000 and fifteen,000 RPM drives were available only generated more heat.)
• Big or dense arrays of disks (including server systems where disks are typically mounted densely)
• Any disks which, due to the enclosure or other location they are mounted in, cannot easily cool without fanned air.

Multiple purposes [edit]

A minor blower fan is used to straight air across a laptop reckoner'south CPU cooler.

A case fan may be mounted on a radiator attached to the case, simultaneously operating to cool a liquid cooling device'due south working fluid and to ventilate the case. In laptops, a single blower fan often cools a oestrus sink continued to both CPU and GPU using estrus pipes. In gaming laptops and mobile workstations, ii or more heavy duty fans may be used. In rack-mounted servers, a single row of fans may operate to create an airflow through the chassis from front to rear, which is directed past passive ducts or shrouds across individual components' heat sinks.

Other purposes [edit]

Fans are, less commonly, used for other purposes such every bit:

• Water-cooling radiator transfers a lot of heat, and radiator fans have big static pressure (opposed to case fans that take high airflow) for dissipating heat.
• Laptop computers lack large openings in the case for warm air to escape. The laptop may be placed on a cooler – somewhat similar a tray with fans built in – to ensure acceptable cooling.
• Some high-stop machines (including many servers) or when additional reliability is required, other chips similar SATA/SAS controller, high speed networking controllers (fortyGbps Ethernet, Infiniband), PCIe switches, coprocessor cards (for instance some Xeon Phi), some FPGA chips, south bridges are too actively cooled with a heatsink and a dedicated fan. These can be on a principal motherboard itself or as a split up add-on lath, often via PCIe card.
• Expansion slot fan – a fan mounted in one of the PCI or PCI Express slots, normally to supply boosted cooling to the graphics cards, or to expansion cards in full general.
• Optical drive fan – some internal CD and/or DVD burners included cooling fans.
• Retentiveness fan – mod figurer memory can generate enough heat that active cooling may be necessary, usually in the form of pocket-size fans positioned above the memory chips. This applies especially when the retentiveness is overclocked or overvolted,^[five] or when the retentiveness modules include active logic, such as when a arrangement uses Fully Buffered DIMMs (FB-DIMMs).^[6] Still, with newer lower voltages in use, such every bit 1.2v DDR4, this is less unremarkably needed than used to be the case.^{[ citation needed ]}. About of the fourth dimension memory modules, located close to CPU will receive enough of the air period from the case or CPU fan, fifty-fifty if the air from CPU fan and radiator is warm. If the main CPU is h2o cooled, this small amount of airflow might be missing, and additional intendance almost some airflow in a example or a dedicated memory cooling is required. Unfortunately near retention modules exercise not provide temperature monitoring to easily measure it.
• High power voltage regulators (VRM) often using switch mode power supplies exercise generate some heat due to ability losses, mostly in the power MOSFET and in an inductor (choke). These, especially in overclocking situations crave agile cooling fan together with heatsink. Most of the MOSFETs volition operate correctly at very high temperature, but their efficiency will be lowered and potentially lifespan limited. Proximity of electrolytic capacitors to a source of estrus, volition decrease their lifespan considerably and stop in a progressively higher power losses and eventual (catastrophic) failure.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Physical characteristics [edit]

Due to the low pressure, high volume air flows they create, most fans used in computers are of the axial flow type; centrifugal and crossflow fans blazon.^[7] Ii important functional specifications are the airflow that can be moved, typically stated in cubic feet per minute (CFM), and static pressure level.^[viii] Given in decibels, the sound volume effigy can be also very important for home and office computers; larger fans are generally quieter for the same CFM.

Many gamers, case modders, and enthusiasts utilize fans illuminated with colored LED lights. Multi-colored fans are also available. Colors and lighting patterns may be controlled or programmed via an RGB fan controller, similar to Christmas lights. There isn't much difference between the performance of normal case fans and the ones that come with RGB lights. However, RGB illuminated example fans add more aesthetics to your build. Asus aura sync case fans are highly popular among custom PC builders.

Dimensions [edit]

Fan sizes and corresponding spiral hole spacing

Fan size (mm)	Center of mounting hole spacing (mm)
xl	32
fifty	40
lx	fifty
70	threescore
80	71.5
92	82.v
120	105
140	124.5
200	154
220	170

The dimensions and mounting holes must accommodate the equipment that uses the fan. Square-framed fans are usually used, but round frames are also used, often and so that a larger fan than the mounting holes would otherwise allow can exist used (eastward.thousand., a 140 mm fan with holes for the corners of a 120 mm square fan). The width of square fans and the diameter of round ones are commonly stated in millimeters. The dimension given is the exterior width of the fan, not the distance between mounting holes. Common sizes include 40 mm, 60 mm, 80 mm, 92 mm, 120 mm and 140 mm, although eight mm,^[nine] 17 mm,^[10] xx mm,^[11] 25 mm,^[12] 30 mm,^[thirteen] 35 mm,^[14] 38 mm,^[15] 45 mm,^[16] 50 mm,^[17] 70 mm,^[18] 200 mm, 220 mm,^[19] 250 mm^[20] and 360 mm^[21] sizes are also available. Heights, or thickness, are typically 10 mm, 15 mm, 25 mm or 38 mm.

Typically, square 120 mm and 140 mm fans are used where cooling requirements are demanding, as for computers used to play games, and for quieter performance at lower speeds. Larger fans are usually used for cooling case, CPUs with large heatsink and ATX ability supply. Square 80 mm and 92 mm fans are used in less demanding applications, or where larger fans would non be compatible. Smaller fans are commonly used for cooling CPUs with pocket-sized heatsink, SFX power supply, graphics cards, northbridges, etc.

Rotational speed [edit]

The speed of rotation (specified in revolutions per minute, RPM) together with the static pressure determine the airflow for a given fan. Where noise is an result, larger, slower-turning fans are quieter than smaller, faster fans that tin motion the aforementioned airflow. Fan noise has been found to exist roughly proportional to the fifth ability of fan speed; halving the speed reduces the noise past about 15 dB.^[22] Axial fans may rotate at speeds of up to around 38,000 rpm for smaller sizes.^[23]

Fans may be controlled by sensors and circuits that reduce their speed when temperature is not loftier, leading to quieter operation, longer life, and lower power consumption than fixed-speed fans. Fan lifetimes are usually quoted under the assumption of running at maximum speed and at a fixed ambient temperature.

Air pressure and period [edit]

A fan with high static pressure is more effective at forcing air through restricted spaces, such equally the gaps between a radiator or heatsink; static pressure is more than of import than airflow in CFM when choosing a fan for use with a heatsink. The relative importance of static pressure level depends on the degree to which the airflow is restricted by geometry; static pressure becomes more important every bit the spacing between heatsink fins decreases. Static pressure is usually stated in either mm Hg or mm H₂O.

Bearing types [edit]

The type of bearing used in a fan can affect its operation and noise. Most computer fans use one of the following bearing types:

• Sleeve bearings employ two surfaces lubricated with oil or grease as a friction contact. They often utilise porous sintered sleeves to be self-lubricating, requiring merely exceptional maintenance or replacement. Sleeve bearings are less durable at higher temperatures every bit the contact surfaces wear and the lubricant dries up, somewhen leading to failure; however, lifetime is like to that of ball-bearing types (more often than not a footling less) at relatively low ambient temperatures.^[24] Sleeve bearings may be more than likely to fail at college temperatures, and may perform poorly when mounted in any orientation other than vertical. The typical lifespan of a sleeve-bearing fan may be around 30,000 hours at 50 °C (122 °F). Fans that employ sleeve bearings are generally cheaper than fans that employ ball bearings, and are quieter at lower speeds early in their life, but can become noisy as they historic period.^[24]
• Rifle bearings are like to sleeve bearings, just are quieter and have nearly as much lifespan every bit ball bearings. The bearing has a spiral groove in information technology that pumps fluid from a reservoir. This allows them to be safely mounted with the shaft horizontal (different sleeve bearings), since the fluid being pumped lubricates the pinnacle of the shaft.^[25] The pumping also ensures sufficient lubricant on the shaft, reducing noise, and increasing lifespan.
• Fluid bearings (or "Fluid Dynamic Bearing", FDB) take the advantages of nearly-silent operation and high life expectancy (though not longer than ball bearings), merely tend to be more expensive.
• Ball bearings: Though by and large more than expensive than fluid bearings, brawl begetting fans do not suffer the same orientation limitations as a sleeve begetting fans, are more durable at higher temperatures, and are quieter than sleeve-bearing fans at higher rotation speeds. The typical lifespan of a bal- begetting fan may be over 60,000 hours at 50 °C (122 °F).^[24]
• Magnetic bearings or maglev bearings, in which the fan is repelled from the begetting by magnetism.

Connectors [edit]

3-pin connector on a computer fan

Connectors normally used for computer fans are the post-obit:

3-pin Molex connector KK family

This Molex connector is used when connecting a fan to the motherboard or other circuit board. It is a small, thick, rectangular in-line female connector with two polarizing tabs on the outer-most edge of i long side. Pins are square and on a 0.1 inch (two.54 mm) pitch. The three pins are used for ground, +12 V power, and a tachometer signal. The Molex part number of receptacle is 22-01-3037. The Molex part number of the individual crimp contacts is 08-l-0114 (tin plated) or 08-55-0102 (semi aureate plated). The matching PCB header Molex part number is 22-23-2031 (tin plated) or 22-11-2032 (gilded plated). A respective wire stripper and crimping tools are also required.

Four-pin Molex connector KK family

This is a special variant of the Molex KK connector with iv pins simply with the locking/polarisation features of a three-pin connector. The additional pin is used for a pulse-width modulation (PWM) indicate to provide variable speed control.^[26] These tin can be plugged into 3-pivot headers, but will lose their fan speed command. The Molex part number of receptacle is 47054-thousand. The Molex part number of individual crimp contacts is 08-fifty-0114. The Molex part number of the header is 47053-thousand.

Four-pin Molex connector

This connector is used when connecting the fan directly to the power supply. It consists of ii wires (yellow/5 V and black/ground) leading to and splicing into a large in-line four-pin male-to-female Molex connector. The other two wires of the connector provide 12V (red) and basis (blackness too), and are not used in this case. This is the same connector as used on hard drives earlier the SATA became standard.

Three-pivot Molex connector PicoBlade family

This connector is used with notebook fans or when connecting the fan to the video card.

Dell proprietary

This proprietary Dell connector is an expansion of a simple three-pin female IC connector by adding two tabs to the heart of the connector on one side and a lock-tab on the other side. The size and spacing of the pin sockets is identical to a standard iii-pin female IC connector and iii-pin Molex connector. Some models have the wiring of the white wire (speed sensor) in the middle, whereas the standard three-pin Molex connector requires the white wire every bit pin #3, thus compatibility issues may exist.

Others

Some reckoner fans utilize two-pivot connectors, of various designs.

Alternatives [edit]

If a fan is not desirable, because of dissonance, reliability, or environmental concerns, there are some alternatives. Some comeback tin be achieved by eliminating all fans except 1 in the ability supply which too draws hot air out of the example.^[27]

Systems can be designed to use passive cooling lone, reducing noise and eliminating moving parts that may neglect. This tin can exist achieved by:

• Natural convection cooling: carefully designed, correctly oriented, and sufficiently large heatsinks tin dissipate up to 100 Westward by natural convection alone
• Heatpipes to transfer rut out of the instance
• Undervolting or underclocking to reduce power dissipation
• Submersive liquid cooling, placing the motherboard in a non-electrically conductive fluid, provides excellent convection cooling and protects from humidity and water without the need for heatsinks or fans. Special care must exist taken to ensure compatibility with adhesives and sealants used on the motherboard and ICs. This solution is used in some external environments such every bit wireless equipment located in the wild.^{[ citation needed ]}

Other methods of cooling include:

• Water cooling
• Mineral oil
• Liquid nitrogen
• Refrigeration, e.g. past Peltier effect devices
• Ionic wind cooling is being researched, whereby air is moved by ionizing air between two electrodes. This replaces the fan and has the reward of no moving parts^[28] and less noise.^[29]

See also [edit]

• Glossary of figurer hardware terms
• Fan (machine)
• Centrifugal fan
• Computer cooling
• Figurer fan control
• Small-scale course factor (SFF)
• Software programs for controlling PC fans: Argus Monitor and SpeedFan

References [edit]

1. ^ Gordon, Whitson (2017-07-03). "How to Auto-Control Your PC's Fans for Cool, Tranquillity Operation". How-To Geek . Retrieved 2017-08-18 .
2. ^ ^{a b} Mueller, Scott 2005. Upgrading and Repairing PCs. Que Publishing. 16th edition. pp 1274–1280
3. ^ Acosta, Jeremy. "Air Cooling or Liquid Cooling for PC What to Choose and Why?". Games and Gears.
4. ^ "Nvidia'due south new RTX 3090 is a $i,499 monster GPU designed for 8K gaming". The Verge. September 2022. Retrieved 2020-ten-21 .
5. ^ "The CoolIT Systems RAM Fan Review: Does Memory Really Demand a Fan?". Retrieved 2013-02-05 .
6. ^ Anand Lal Shimpi (2006-08-09). "Apple tree's Mac Pro: A Word of Specifications". AnandTech. Retrieved 2014-10-fifteen .
7. ^ Inc. "Axial Vs. Centrifugal Fans". Pelonis Technologies . Retrieved 2017-08-18 .
8. ^ Acosta, Jeremy. "Loftier Airflow vs Static Force per unit area Fans". Games and Gears Elite.
9. ^ "SunOn UF383-100 8×viii×3 mm fan" (PDF) . Retrieved 2015-03-07 .
10. ^ "EC 1708 fan serial". evercool.com.tw. Archived from the original on 2022-05-15. Retrieved 2015-02-20 .
11. ^ "EC 2008 fan serial". evercool.com.tw. Archived from the original on 2022-09-24. Retrieved 2015-02-twenty .
12. ^ "2.5cm Black Fan – Akasa Thermal Solution". akasa.com.tw . Retrieved 1 April 2022.
13. ^ "RETAIL PACKAGE 3010 Serial – EVERCOOL". evercool.com.tw. Archived from the original on 2022-02-11. Retrieved 2018-02-20 .
14. ^ "RETAIL PACKAGE 3510 Series – EVERCOOL". evercool.com.tw. Archived from the original on 2022-02-10. Retrieved 2018-02-20 .
15. ^ "EC 3838 fan serial". evercool.com.tw. Archived from the original on 2022-09-24. Retrieved 2015-02-20 .
16. ^ "RETAIL PACKAGE 4510 SERIES – EVERCOOL". evercool.com.tw. Archived from the original on 2022-02-10. Retrieved 2018-02-20 .
17. ^ "5cm Black Fan – Akasa Thermal Solution". akasa.com.tw . Retrieved 2018-02-20 .
18. ^ "7cm Black Fan – Akasa Thermal Solution". akasa.com.tw . Retrieved 2018-02-xx .
19. ^ "22cm Black Fan – Akasa Thermal Solution". akasa.com.tw . Retrieved 2018-02-xx .
20. ^ "250 mm-Lüfter – SHARKOON Technologies GmbH". sharkoon.com . Retrieved 1 Apr 2022.
21. ^ "360mm Silent Jumbo Fan". rexflo.com. Archived from the original on two Apr 2022. Retrieved i April 2022.
22. ^ "Top x noise control techniques" (PDF). world wide web.hse.gov.uk. Britain Health and Safety Executive.
23. ^ "May 28, 2022 San Ace | Product News | Products | SANYO DENKI".
24. ^ ^{a b c} Williams, Melody. "Ball vs Sleeve: A Comparison in Bearing Operation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-01-02. Retrieved 2007-ten-thirty .
25. ^ "Coolermaster Neon LED Instance Fans Review". 2003-03-25. Retrieved 2007-12-05 .
26. ^ "four-Wire PWM Controlled Fans Specification" (PDF). September 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-07-26. Retrieved 2009-12-11 .
27. ^ Silent PC Review Recommended Power Supplies , retrieved 2010-08-01
28. ^ Greene, Kate (2009-05-xix). "A Laptop Cooled with Ionic Current of air | MIT Engineering Review". Technologyreview.com. Retrieved 2015-02-20 .
29. ^ Patel, Prachi (2007-08-22). "Cooling Fries with an Ion Breeze | MIT Engineering science Review". Technologyreview.com. Retrieved 2015-02-twenty .

External links [edit]

• 4-Wire PWM Controlled Fans Specification v1.3 – Intel
• 3-Wire and 4-Wire Fan Connectors – Intel
• iii-Wire and 4-Wire Fan Pinouts – AllPinouts
• How PC Fans Work (2/3/4-wire) – PCB Heaven
• Why and How to Control (ii/3/four-wire) Fan Speed for Cooling Electronic Equipment – Analog Devices
• PWM Fan Controller projection – Alan'south Electronic Projects
• Asus Aura RGB Fans - RGB Advisor

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_fan

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